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< meta itemprop = "headline" content = "Hot-Reload Long Running Shell Scripts (feat. trap / kill)" >
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< meta itemprop = "description" content = "trap them and kill them!There is a beautiful command in Linux called trap which traps signals and let you run specific commands when they invoked. There is also good ol’ >
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< h2 id = "trap-them-and-kill-them" >
< code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > trap< / code > them and < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > kill< / code > them!< / h2 >
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< p > There is a beautiful command in Linux called < a href = "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/trap.1p.html" > < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > trap< / code > < / a > which < em > trap< / em > s signals and let you run specific commands when they invoked. There is also good ol’ < a href = "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/kill.1.html" > < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > kill< / code > < / a > command which not only kills processes but allows you to specify a signal to send. By combining these two, you can run specific functions from your scripts any time!< / p >
< h3 id = "basic-example" > Basic Example< / h3 >
< p > Let’ < / p >
< div class = "language-bash highlighter-rouge" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre class = "highlight" > < code > < span class = "c" > #!/bin/bash< / span >
< span class = "nb" > echo< / span > < span class = "s2" > "My pid is < / span > < span class = "nv" > $$< / span > < span class = "s2" > . Send me SIGUSR1!"< / span >
func< span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "nb" > echo< / span > < span class = "s2" > "Got SIGUSR1"< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
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< span class = "c" > # here we are telling that run 'func' when USR1 signal is< / span >
< span class = "c" > # received. You can run anything. Combine commands with ; etc.< / span >
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< span class = "nb" > trap< / span > < span class = "s2" > "func"< / span > USR1
< span class = "c" > # The while loop is important here otherwise our script will exit< / span >
< span class = "c" > # before we manage to get a chance to send a signal.< / span >
< span class = "k" > while < / span > < span class = "nb" > true< / span > < span class = "p" > ;< / span > < span class = "k" > do
< / span > < span class = "nb" > echo< / span > < span class = "s2" > "waiting SIGUSR1"< / span >
< span class = "nb" > sleep < / span > 1
< span class = "k" > done< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div > < / div >
< p > Now make it executable and run it:< / p >
< div class = "language-bash highlighter-rouge" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre class = "highlight" > < code > ❯ < span class = "nb" > chmod< / span > +x trap_example
❯
My pid is 2811137. Send me SIGUSR1!
waiting SIGUSR1
waiting SIGUSR1
waiting SIGUSR1
waiting SIGUSR1
waiting SIGUSR1
< / code > < / pre > < / div > < / div >
< p > Open another terminal and send your signal with < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > kill< / code > to the specified pid.< / p >
< div class = "language-bash highlighter-rouge" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre class = "highlight" > < code > ❯ < span class = "nb" > kill< / span > < span class = "nt" > -s< / span > USR1 2811137
< / code > < / pre > < / div > < / div >
< p > You should receive < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > "Got SIGUSR!"< / code > from the other process. That’ < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > func< / code > and then you can simply < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > kill -s ...< / code > anytime and as many times you want!< / p >
< p > Let’ < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > func< / code > and add some variables so you can see how powerful this is.< / p >
< div class = "language-bash highlighter-rouge" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre class = "highlight" > < code > < span class = "c" > #!/bin/bash< / span >
< span class = "nb" > echo< / span > < span class = "s2" > "My pid is < / span > < span class = "nv" > $$< / span > < span class = "s2" > . Send me SIGUSR1!"< / span >
func< span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > {< / span >
< span class = "nv" > i< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > 1
< span class = "k" > while < / span > < span class = "nb" > true< / span > < span class = "p" > ;< / span > < span class = "k" > do
< / span > < span class = "nb" > echo< / span > < span class = "s2" > "i: < / span > < span class = "nv" > $i< / span > < span class = "s2" > "< / span >
< span class = "nv" > i< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "k" > $((< / span > i < span class = "o" > +< / span > < span class = "m" > 1< / span > < span class = "k" > ))< / span >
< span class = "nb" > sleep < / span > 1
< span class = "k" > done< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< span class = "nb" > trap< / span > < span class = "s2" > "echo 'Got SIGUSR1!'; func"< / span > USR1
< span class = "c" > # we need to call the function once, otherwise script< / span >
< span class = "c" > # will exit before we manage to send a signal< / span >
func
< / code > < / pre > < / div > < / div >
< p > Now run the script and send < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > SIGUSR1< / code > . Here is the result:< / p >
< div class = "language-bash highlighter-rouge" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre class = "highlight" > < code > ❯
My pid is 2880704. Send me SIGUSR1!
i: 1
i: 2
i: 3
i: 4
i: 5
i: 6
i: 7
Got SIGUSR1!
i: 1
i: 2
i: 3
i: 4
i: 5
Got SIGUSR1!
i: 1
i: 2
^C
< / code > < / pre > < / div > < / div >
< p > Isn’ < / p >
< h3 id = "more-useful-example" > More useful example< / h3 >
< p > Let’ ’ < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > trap< / code > is for the rescue, again! < sup > < a href = "##" title = "Yeah, I know you can run a systemd service if you want but I think it is an overkill for this situation. Plus, I don't like dealing with them." > *< / a > < / sup > This command is awesome.< / p >
< p > Without further ado, let’ < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > script1< / code > with the following contents:< / p >
< div class = "language-bash highlighter-rouge" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre class = "highlight" > < code > < span class = "c" > #!/bin/bash< / span >
< span class = "c" > # file: script1< / span >
< span class = "nv" > i< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > 1
< span class = "k" > while < / span > < span class = "nb" > true< / span > < span class = "p" > ;< / span > < span class = "k" > do
< / span > < span class = "nb" > echo< / span > < span class = "s2" > "Hello from < / span > < span class = "nv" > $0< / span > < span class = "s2" > . i is < / span > < span class = "nv" > $i< / span > < span class = "s2" > "< / span >
< span class = "nv" > i< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "k" > $((< / span > i < span class = "o" > +< / span > < span class = "m" > 1< / span > < span class = "k" > ))< / span >
< span class = "nb" > sleep < / span > 1
< span class = "k" > done< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div > < / div >
< p > And symlink it to another name just for fun:< / p >
< div class = "language-bash highlighter-rouge" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre class = "highlight" > < code > ❯ < span class = "nb" > chmod< / span > +x script1
❯ < span class = "nb" > ln< / span > < span class = "nt" > -s< / span > script1 script2
< / code > < / pre > < / div > < / div >
< p > Now we can pretend they are two different scripts as their outputs differ:< / p >
< div class = "language-bash highlighter-rouge" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre class = "highlight" > < code > ❯
Hello from ./script1. i is 1
Hello from ./script1. i is 2
Hello from ./script1. i is 3
Hello from ./script1. i is 4
^C
❯
Hello from ./script2. i is 1
Hello from ./script2. i is 2
Hello from ./script2. i is 3
^C
< / code > < / pre > < / div > < / div >
< p > Finally, create the main script which will start child scripts and restart them on our signals:< / p >
< div class = "language-bash highlighter-rouge" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre class = "highlight" > < code > < span class = "c" > #!/bin/bash< / span >
< span class = "nb" > echo< / span > < span class = "s2" > "My pid is < / span > < span class = "nv" > $$< / span > < span class = "s2" > . You know what to do ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)"< / span >
< span class = "nb" > echo< / span > < span class = "s2" > "You can also send me signal with 'killall < / span > < span class = "sb" > `< / span > < span class = "nb" > basename< / span > < span class = "nv" > $0< / span > < span class = "sb" > `< / span > < span class = "s2" > ...'"< / span >
< span class = "nv" > pids< / span > < span class = "o" > =()< / span > < span class = "c" > # we will store the pid's of child scripts here< / span >
< span class = "nv" > scripts_to_be_executed< / span > < span class = "o" > =(< / span > < span class = "s2" > "./script1"< / span > < span class = "s2" > "./script2"< / span > < span class = "o" > )< / span >
kill_childs< span class = "o" > (){< / span > < span class = "c" > # wow, this sounded wild< / span >
< span class = "k" > for < / span > pid < span class = "k" > in< / span > < span class = "s2" > "< / span > < span class = "k" > ${< / span > < span class = "nv" > pids< / span > < span class = "p" > [@]< / span > < span class = "k" > }< / span > < span class = "s2" > "< / span >
< span class = "k" > do
< / span > < span class = "nb" > echo < / span > killing < span class = "s2" > "< / span > < span class = "nv" > $pid< / span > < span class = "s2" > "< / span >
< span class = "nb" > kill< / span > < span class = "s2" > "< / span > < span class = "nv" > $pid< / span > < span class = "s2" > "< / span >
< span class = "k" > done
< / span > < span class = "nv" > pids< / span > < span class = "o" > =()< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< span class = "c" > # kill childs and restart all the scripts< / span >
restart_scripts< span class = "o" > (){< / span >
kill_childs
< span class = "c" > # for each script in the list< / span >
< span class = "k" > for < / span > script < span class = "k" > in< / span > < span class = "s2" > "< / span > < span class = "k" > ${< / span > < span class = "nv" > scripts_to_be_executed< / span > < span class = "p" > [@]< / span > < span class = "k" > }< / span > < span class = "s2" > "< / span >
< span class = "k" > do< / span >
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< span class = "c" > # Run the script and store its pid.< / span >
< span class = "c" > # note the '& ' at the end of command. Without it the script will< / span >
< span class = "c" > # block until its execution is finished. Also we are putting it< / span >
< span class = "c" > # into braces because we want to create a process group so that< / span >
< span class = "c" > # killing this pid will end all the grandchilds.< / span >
< span class = "c" > # (useful if you have pipes (|) or other & 's in your script!)< / span >
< span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "nv" > $script< / span > < span class = "o" > )< / span > &
pids+< span class = "o" > =(< / span > < span class = "s2" > "< / span > < span class = "nv" > $!< / span > < span class = "s2" > "< / span > < span class = "o" > )< / span >
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< span class = "k" > done< / span >
< span class = "o" > }< / span >
< span class = "c" > # we will restart_scripts with SIGUSR1 signal< / span >
< span class = "nb" > trap< / span > < span class = "s1" > 'echo "restarting scripts"; restart_scripts'< / span > USR1
< span class = "c" > # we will kill all the childs and exit the main script with SIGINT< / span >
< span class = "c" > # which is same signal as when you press < Control-C> on your terminal< / span >
< span class = "nb" > trap< / span > < span class = "s1" > 'echo exiting; kill_childs; exit'< / span > INT
< span class = "c" > # run the function once< / span >
restart_scripts
< span class = "c" > # infinite loop, otherwise main script will exit before we send signal.< / span >
< span class = "c" > # remember, we started child processes with '& ' so they won't block this script< / span >
< span class = "k" > while < / span > < span class = "nb" > true< / span > < span class = "p" > ;< / span > < span class = "k" > do
< / span > < span class = "nb" > sleep < / span > 1
< span class = "k" > done< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div > < / div >
< p > Now, you can run your main script and reload your child scripts any time with < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > killall main_script -USR1< / code > < / p >
< p > Here is an example run:< / p >
< div class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre class = "highlight" > < code > ❯
My pid is 3124123. You know what to do ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
You can also send me signal with 'killall trap_multiple ...'
Hello from ./script1. i is 1
Hello from ./script2. i is 1
Hello from ./script2. i is 2
Hello from ./script1. i is 2
Hello from ./script2. i is 3
Hello from ./script1. i is 3
restarting scripts
killing 3124125
killing 3124126
Hello from ./script1. i is 1
Hello from ./script2. i is 1
Hello from ./script2. i is 2
Hello from ./script1. i is 2
Hello from ./script2. i is 3
Hello from ./script1. i is 3
Hello from ./script2. i is 4
Hello from ./script1. i is 4
restarting scripts
killing 3124304
killing 3124305
Hello from ./script1. i is 1
Hello from ./script2. i is 1
Hello from ./script1. i is 2
Hello from ./script2. i is 2
^Cexiting
killing 3124875
killing 3124876
< / code > < / pre > < / div > < / div >
< h3 id = "final-words" > Final words< / h3 >
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< p > I think I am started to getting obsessed with < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > trap< / code > command because it has such a good name and purpose. FOSS people are really on another level when it comes to naming. Here is another good one:< / p >
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< blockquote >
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< p > - How can you see the contents of a file? < br >
+ You < em > < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > cat< / code > < / em > it. < br >
- What if you want to see them in reverse order? < br >
+ You < em > < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > tac< / code > < / em > it. < br > < / p >
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< / blockquote >
< p > No, it is not just a joke. Try it… Man I love Gnoo slash Linux.< / p >
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< p > Anyway, I hope now you know how to < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > trap< / code > and < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > kill< / code > . Next week I will explain how to < code class = "language-plaintext highlighter-rouge" > unzip; strip; touch; finger; grep; mount; fsck; more; yes; fsck; fsck; umount; clean; sleep< / code > < nobr > ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)< / nobr > . < sup > < a href = "##" title = "jk :D" > *< / a > < / sup > < / p >
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