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<h1 id="page-title" class="page__title" itemprop="headline">Hot-Reload Long Running Shell Scripts (feat. trap / kill)
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<h2 id="trap-them-and-kill-them"><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">trap</code> them and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">kill</code> them!</h2>
<p>There is a beautiful command in Linux called <a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/trap.1p.html"><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">trap</code></a> which <em>trap</em>s signals and let you run specific commands when they invoked. There is also good ol <a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/kill.1.html"><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">kill</code></a> command which not only kills processes but allows you to specify a signal to send. By combining these two, you can run specific functions from your scripts any time!</p>
<h3 id="basic-example">Basic Example</h3>
<p>Lets start by creating something very simple and build up from there. Create a script with the following contents:</p>
<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"My pid is </span><span class="nv">$$</span><span class="s2">. Send me SIGUSR1!"</span>
func<span class="o">()</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"Got SIGUSR1"</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="c"># here we are telling that run 'func' when USR1 signal is</span>
<span class="c"># received. You can run anything. Combine commands with ; etc.</span>
<span class="nb">trap</span> <span class="s2">"func"</span> USR1
<span class="c"># The while loop is important here otherwise our script will exit</span>
<span class="c"># before we manage to get a chance to send a signal.</span>
<span class="nv">i</span><span class="o">=</span>1
<span class="k">while </span><span class="nb">true</span> <span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do
</span><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"waiting SIGUSR1"</span>
<span class="nb">sleep </span>1
<span class="k">done</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Now make it executable and run it:</p>
<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> <span class="nb">chmod</span> +x trap_example
./trap_example
My pid is 2811137. Send me SIGUSR1!
waiting SIGUSR1
waiting SIGUSR1
waiting SIGUSR1
waiting SIGUSR1
waiting SIGUSR1
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Open another terminal and send your signal with <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">kill</code> to the specified pid.</p>
<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> <span class="nb">kill</span> <span class="nt">-s</span> USR1 2811137
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>You should receive <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">"Got SIGUSR!"</code> from the other process. Thats it! Now, imagine you write whatever thing you want to execute in <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">func</code> and then you can simply <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">kill -s ...</code> anytime and as many times you want!</p>
<p>Lets move the while loop into the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">func</code> and add some variables so you can see how powerful this is.</p>
<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"My pid is </span><span class="nv">$$</span><span class="s2">. Send me SIGUSR1!"</span>
func<span class="o">()</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="nv">i</span><span class="o">=</span>1
<span class="k">while </span><span class="nb">true</span> <span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do
</span><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"i: </span><span class="nv">$i</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="nv">i</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">$((</span> i <span class="o">+</span> <span class="m">1</span> <span class="k">))</span>
<span class="nb">sleep </span>1
<span class="k">done</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="nb">trap</span> <span class="s2">"echo 'Got SIGUSR1!'; func"</span> USR1
<span class="c"># we need to call the function once, otherwise script</span>
<span class="c"># will exit before we manage to send a signal</span>
func
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Now run the script and send <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">SIGUSR1</code>. Here is the result:</p>
<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> ./trap_example
My pid is 2880704. Send me SIGUSR1!
i: 1
i: 2
i: 3
i: 4
i: 5
i: 6
i: 7
Got SIGUSR1!
i: 1
i: 2
i: 3
i: 4
i: 5
Got SIGUSR1!
i: 1
i: 2
^C
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Isnt this neat?</p>
<h3 id="more-useful-example">More useful example</h3>
<p>Lets imagine you have multiple long running (infinite loops basically) scripts and you want to restart them without manually searching for their pids and killing them. <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">trap</code> is for the rescue, again! <sup><a href="##" title="Yeah, I know you can run a systemd service if you want but I think it is an overkill for this situation. Plus, I don't like dealing with them.">*</a></sup> This command is awesome.</p>
<p>Without further ado, lets get started. Create a script called <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">script1</code> with the following contents:</p>
<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span class="c"># file: script1</span>
<span class="nv">i</span><span class="o">=</span>1
<span class="k">while </span><span class="nb">true</span> <span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do
</span><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"Hello from </span><span class="nv">$0</span><span class="s2">. i is </span><span class="nv">$i</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="nv">i</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">$((</span> i <span class="o">+</span> <span class="m">1</span> <span class="k">))</span>
<span class="nb">sleep </span>1
<span class="k">done</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>And symlink it to another name just for fun:</p>
<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> <span class="nb">chmod</span> +x script1
<span class="nb">ln</span> <span class="nt">-s</span> script1 script2
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Now we can pretend they are two different scripts as their outputs differ:</p>
<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> ./script1
Hello from ./script1. i is 1
Hello from ./script1. i is 2
Hello from ./script1. i is 3
Hello from ./script1. i is 4
^C
./script2
Hello from ./script2. i is 1
Hello from ./script2. i is 2
Hello from ./script2. i is 3
^C
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Finally, create the main script which will start child scripts and restart them on our signals:</p>
<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"My pid is </span><span class="nv">$$</span><span class="s2">. You know what to do ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)"</span>
<span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"You can also send me signal with 'killall </span><span class="sb">`</span><span class="nb">basename</span> <span class="nv">$0</span><span class="sb">`</span><span class="s2"> ...'"</span>
<span class="nv">pids</span><span class="o">=()</span> <span class="c"># we will store the pid's of child scripts here</span>
<span class="nv">scripts_to_be_executed</span><span class="o">=(</span><span class="s2">"./script1"</span> <span class="s2">"./script2"</span><span class="o">)</span>
kill_childs<span class="o">(){</span> <span class="c"># wow, this sounded wild</span>
<span class="k">for </span>pid <span class="k">in</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="k">${</span><span class="nv">pids</span><span class="p">[@]</span><span class="k">}</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="k">do
</span><span class="nb">echo </span>killing <span class="s2">"</span><span class="nv">$pid</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="nb">kill</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="nv">$pid</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="k">done
</span><span class="nv">pids</span><span class="o">=()</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="c"># kill childs and restart all the scripts</span>
restart_scripts<span class="o">(){</span>
kill_childs
<span class="c"># for each script in the list</span>
<span class="k">for </span>script <span class="k">in</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="k">${</span><span class="nv">scripts_to_be_executed</span><span class="p">[@]</span><span class="k">}</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="k">do</span>
<span class="c"># run the script and store its pid.</span>
<span class="c"># '&amp;' at the end of command is important otherwise</span>
<span class="c"># the script will block until its execution is finished.</span>
<span class="nv">$script</span> &amp;
<span class="nv">pid</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$!</span>
pids+<span class="o">=(</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="nv">$pid</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="c"># we will restart_scripts with SIGUSR1 signal</span>
<span class="nb">trap</span> <span class="s1">'echo "restarting scripts"; restart_scripts'</span> USR1
<span class="c"># we will kill all the childs and exit the main script with SIGINT</span>
<span class="c"># which is same signal as when you press &lt;Control-C&gt; on your terminal</span>
<span class="nb">trap</span> <span class="s1">'echo exiting; kill_childs; exit'</span> INT
<span class="c"># run the function once</span>
restart_scripts
<span class="c"># infinite loop, otherwise main script will exit before we send signal.</span>
<span class="c"># remember, we started child processes with '&amp;' so they won't block this script</span>
<span class="k">while </span><span class="nb">true</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">do
</span><span class="nb">sleep </span>1
<span class="k">done</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Now, you can run your main script and reload your child scripts any time with <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">killall main_script -USR1</code></p>
<p>Here is an example run:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> ./trap_multiple
My pid is 3124123. You know what to do ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
You can also send me signal with 'killall trap_multiple ...'
Hello from ./script1. i is 1
Hello from ./script2. i is 1
Hello from ./script2. i is 2
Hello from ./script1. i is 2
Hello from ./script2. i is 3
Hello from ./script1. i is 3
restarting scripts
killing 3124125
killing 3124126
Hello from ./script1. i is 1
Hello from ./script2. i is 1
Hello from ./script2. i is 2
Hello from ./script1. i is 2
Hello from ./script2. i is 3
Hello from ./script1. i is 3
Hello from ./script2. i is 4
Hello from ./script1. i is 4
restarting scripts
killing 3124304
killing 3124305
Hello from ./script1. i is 1
Hello from ./script2. i is 1
Hello from ./script1. i is 2
Hello from ./script2. i is 2
^Cexiting
killing 3124875
killing 3124876
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="final-words">Final words</h3>
<p>I think I am started to getting obsessed with <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">trap</code> command because it has such a good name and use case. FOSS folks are really on another level when it comes to naming. Here is another good one:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>- How can you see the contents of a file? <br />
+ You <em><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">cat</code></em> it. <br />
- What if you want to see them in reverse order? <br />
+ You <em><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">tac</code></em> it. <br /></p>
</blockquote>
<p>No, it is not just a joke. Try it… Man I love Gnoo slash Linux.</p>
<p>Anyway, I hope now you know how to <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">trap</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">kill</code>. Next week I will explain how to <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">unzip; strip; touch; finger; grep; mount; fsck; more; yes; fsck; fsck; umount; clean; sleep</code> <nobr>( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)</nobr>. <sup><a href="##" title="jk :D">*</a></sup></p>
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